Petroleum is a very important ___________________ resource.
Our society needs it for both:
- Burning - for ENERGY
- Building - using it to make materials
The United States uses over 18,000,000 barrels of petroleum per __________.
87 % of the petroleum is __________as an energy source for heating, electricity, and transportation.
13 % of the petroleum is used for __________plastics, fabrics, and other things that affect our lives.
Since petroleum is a nonrenewable resource, there
is a __________amount.
Like other chemical resources, petroleum is unevenly distributed on the planet. Large amounts are concentrated in small areas.
1. Explain why petroleum is a nonrenewable resource.
2. List two ways in which our society uses petroleum.
3. How many gallons of oil does the U. S. used each day.(Hint: 42 gallons/barrel)
4. The majority of the oil is used for?
5. What happened to the price of oil during 1973 oil embargo?
6. In the years to come, what will happen to the price of oil? Why?
7. Why did we use so little oil in 1910 ?
8. What percent of the petroleum is used for building materials?
9. What happens to the petroleum that is used for energy. Where do the waste products go?
Petroleum has been called "black __________"
Petroleum can make __________of different and useful products.
Petroleum is a mixture of many different molecular
________________. These compounds have two chemical properties:
2. these molecules can be chemically linked together to make new materials
Petroleum as it is pumped from underground is called ________________ OIL.
Crude oil is made mostly of hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that are composed of two elements - ________________AND ________________
.
Distillation is a method of _____________________ substances according to their boiling points.
The vapors rising from the boiling mixture at different temperatures are cooled and condensed into liquids, call ________________, which can be collected separately.
The refining process separates crude oil by distillation into fractions.
These fractions are mixtures of hydrocarbons of similar ________________ ________________ and other properties.
1. During the distillation process, which molecules vaporize first?
2. What do the higher boiling point fractions contain?
3. How tall are the petroleum refining distilling columns?
The refining process separates crude oil by distillation into fractions.
The higher boiling point fractions contain the ________________molecules.
The lower boiling point fractions contain the ________________molecules.
Different petroleum distillates have different ________________.
Viscosity is the term for resistance to ________________.
High viscosity flows slowly and with difficulty, like honey.
Low viscosity flows readily, like water.
The viscosity of a fluid determines how fast it can be ________________.
Petroleum is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
These atoms combined together to form molecules consisting of ________________ ________________ between 5 to 20 carbons atoms long.
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are in a branch of chemistry called ________________ CHEMISTRY.
The term organic chemistry comes from old thought that these chemical compounds are only made from plants and/or animals (living things).
Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds. These compounds are joined together to from a backbone known as a CARBON CHAIN. Hydrogen atoms are attached to this chain.
These hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon by chemical bonds.
There are two major types of chemical bonds:
________________bonds
________________bond
when atoms share electrons - no ions are formed.
2. Which area of the world uses the most petroleum?
3. Is there a relation between oil use and world population? Explain your answer.
4. What is crude oil?
5. Define hydrocarbons.
6. Explain in detail the petroleum refining process.
(Include in your explanation the following terms: fractionating tower,
boiling point, collecting trays, height of tower and location of the collecting
trays).
8. Explain intermolecular forces and give an example.
10. Define a carbon chain. Give an example.
11. Draw the atomic diagram of the carbon atom. Using atomic diagrams, electrons dots and the line structure methods, draw the models of the methane molecule CH4.
12. What are the alkane series of hydrocarbons?
13. Draw the line structure for : ethane, hexane and octane.
14. Explain the difference between straight chain alkanes and branched-chain alkanes. Give example.
15. Define an isomer. Draw the isomers of hexane.
16. How does the number of branches in an alkane hydrocarbon molecule affects its boiling point?
Energy conversion - the changing of one type of energy into ________________.
For example: The energy conversion required to
work hair dryer
Energy conversion calculations
The burning of hydrocarbons involves chemical reactions of carbon and hydrogen with ________________ gas at elevated temperatures.
The equation for the combustion of C25H52 .
___ C25H52 + ___ O2 --->____ CO2 + ____ H2O + thermal energy
This reaction is ________________. The energy given off by the formation of the products is greater than the energy needed to break the bonds in the hydrocarbons and the oxygen molecules.
Fuels provide energy as they burn.
In 1913, chemists had devised a process for breaking (cracking) molecules in kerosene (12 to 16 carbon atoms) into smaller molecules by heating the kerosene to 600 - 700º C.
More than a third of all crude oil undergoes cracking. The process has been improved by adding catalysts (such as aluminum oxide).
A catalyst increases the ________________of a chemical reaction but is not itself used up.
Octane rating - a commonly used gasoline quality scale -- An octane rating of 100 means ________________engine burning -- An octane rating of 0 means ________________engine burning.
The burning must not be too fast or it will cause ________________. Branched octane hydrocarbons (isomers) burn the best in an engine.
Carbon is a versatile building-block atom. It can form bonds to other ________________in several different ways.
If a carbon atom bonds to three other atoms -- not to four, a double bond is formed. This type of hydrocarbon molecule is called an alkene.
Ethene C2H4
A carbon atom must share ________________electrons to fill its outer energy level completely. This can occur when four electrons are shared between the atoms. This double sharing of electrons is called a double covalent bond.
Alkenes are more chemically ________________than the alkanes because many chemical reactions occur at their ________________bonds.
Compounds containing double bonds are described as ________________since not all carbon atoms are bonded to their full capacity of four atoms.
Not all builder molecules are hydrocarbons. Some also contain one or more other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, or sulfur.
Draw the chemical molecular line structure for the following molecules:
1- butene
2-butene
Alkynes series
The sharing of three pairs of electrons between carbons is called a triple bond.
C2H2
2-butyne
There are two important classes of compounds in which carbon atoms are joined in ________________.
Cycloalkanes - saturated hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure
Aromatic compounds - are ringed hydrocarbons
with double bonds
Benzene C6H6
Some organic compounds contain groups of atoms which contain ________________. These functional groups impart a certain characteristic property to the organic compounds
Examples of functional groups
Alcohol
ether
carboxylic acid
ester
Natural material - made directly from found materials such as wood or stone, or crafted from metals, glass, and clays.
________________materials - created by the chemical industry from oil or natural gas. These compounds are called petrochemicals.
Examples of petrochemicals:
detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics
In many cases petrochemicals serve as raw materials (or intermediates) in production of other synthetic substances - particularly plastics.
Plastics include: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation materials, foams, glass-like substances, adhesives, molding, and structural materials.
Alkenes are aromatics and are important builder molecules. The two most industrially-important alkenes are ethene (ethylene) and propene.
Addition reaction - the adding of H-OH to a double bond producing an alcohol
Ethene + water --------> ethanol
Polymer - a large molecule composed of 500 to ________________or more repeating units. A polymer that is made by the addition of a small monomer (1 unit ) into large polymer is called addition polymers
Polyethene
Polymers' ________________such as flexibility, rigidity, strength and toughness can be controlled by the position of certain molecules.
Some polymer molecules are formed by the loss of ________________molecules from adjacent monomer units - these are called condensation reactions. Polymers formed in this way are known as ____________________ polymers.